Background and Objective: Biological soil crusts are a collection of lichens, mosses, fungi, cyanobacteria, etc. that are part of the soil ecosystem. Estimation of density and distribution of biological soil crusts in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran, which is the subject of soil erosion and wastage is very important. Methods based on remote sensing techniques are important in terms of cost and time less efficient methods to achieve this goal. Segzi plain is one of the critical points of wind erosion in Iran and identifying and determining the distribution of biological soil crusts as a soil modifier is an effective step in reducing wind erosion in the region. In this research, BSCI (Biological Soil Crust) index has been used to prepare the distribution map of lichen-dominated biological soil crusts. Materials and Methods: The study area is part of the Sajzi Desert (Central Deserts of Iran) which is located in Isfahan province of Iran. The study area with an area of 199. 5 hectares is spread between the eastern lengths of 51o52'32" to 52o27'41" and the northern widths of 32o33'31" to 32o55'01". The average slope of Segzi plain is 1. 08 percent and its average height is 1680 meters. According to the statistics of East Isfahan Meteorological Station (Shahid Beheshti Station), the average annual rainfall in the region is 106 mm. According to the Dumarten climatic classification, the climate of the region is dry and according to the Amberge classification it is cold. The BSCI index is a combination of the relationships used to estimate vegetation and bare soil surface, and its mathematical relationship is the slope of the soil line. To calculate the soil line in an area, one must first separate the pixels that have bare soil and no vegetation. In order to calculate the soil line equation, in four seasons of a year, images of Landsat OLI 8 satellite related to 2018 were downloaded from the site of the US Geological Survey and 20 to 30 pixels of pure bare soil were extracted by drawing the reflection values of these pixels in the red and infrared band. Red near soil line coefficients were calculated for each season in the Segzi Plain. Based on BSCI index, lichen-dominated biological soil crust are identified using at least VIS-NIR spectral reflection and the slope between the red and green bands compared to bare soil and dry vegetation. Using ENVI software, the distribution shells of biological shells with lichen dominance were prepared in four seasons since 2018 in Segzi plain. Then, the prepared maps were validated based on land points and the total accuracy and kappa index were calculated in all four seasons. The collected lichen samples were identified based on their morphological characteristics and using a stereomicroscope, conventional microscope and common color reagents such as potassium hydroxide (KOH). After applying the BSCI index on the Landsat OLI 8 satellite image, using ENVI software, spectral profiles related to 4 points of Segzi plain in four seasons of the year were prepared and the spectral reflection in four seasons of the year in different points were examined. Results and Discussion: The slope of the soil line is lower in the rainy season, which coincides with the growth of herbaceous and annual plants, compared to the summer season, which has the least amount of rainfall, and the annual plants have dried up and become extinct. In May, the slope of the soil line was minimal (0. 39) and in late summer it has its maximum value (0. 78). In fact, the slope of the soil line has decreased from mid-August to May, and then has increased with the loss of annual vegetation and the increase of bare soil surface. The distribution maps of bio-shells in all four seasons of the year were validated during field visits and the year it was found that the highest accuracy of the map related to the map produced from Landsat 8 image is related to summer with 94% total accuracy and Kappa index equal to 0. 7412. Interpretation of the spectral profiles of the BSCI index shows that the reflections of the spectra related to the zephyr and strain prepared on the lichen dispersion points are very close to each other and also the spectral profiles of the mid-autumn and early spring are quite consistent. Whereas in the faults, which did not cover the biological crust, the amount of reflection was higher and there was a slight difference between the reflection diagrams of autumn and spring. Although the reflectance values of a range of agricultural lands and the distribution points of biological crusts are very close to each other, the spectral diagrams of all four seasons are very different from each other. But in all seasons of the year and in all places, the least reflection has occurred in the beginning of winter and the most reflection has occurred in summer. The climate of Segzi plain is Mediterranean and precipitation occurs in the cold season of the year. Simultaneously with the increase of precipitation from the middle of autumn, annual plants and mosses at the base of shrubs begin to grow and reach their peak in early winter and again at the beginning of spring. Decreases in rainfall have reduced their density. If the winter spectrum has the least reflection in all places. While in late summer, when the annuals and mosses have dried up, it has had the greatest spectral reflection. In Fasaran, which is a barren area and a landfill, it has shown its maximum reflection. Therefore, the BSCI index relative to the percentage of organic matter has a significant error in the detection of biological soil crust and where the organic matter is high may not provide accurate diagnosis of soil bioshells. Of course, since the BSCI index is defined for the detection of throat compounds in lichen tissues. The error rate for organic matter is reduced to a minimum. As it has been observed in the final map, there is no cover of biological soil crusts in Fasaran and only soil biological crusts are observed in the areas around Fasaran in the agricultural areas. In agricultural areas, due to human intervention and cultivation, the amount of annual plants is different from the field of natural resources in different seasons of a year have become. Conclusion: Spectral similarity of the most important soil surface, including vegetation, the involvement of human factors in increasing or decreasing soil organic matter, bare soil, etc. limits the efficiency of the BSCI index and therefore in the time period of satellite images and regional conditions have a great impact on It has the accuracy of BSCI index.

This research was aimed to achieve a method resulting in further establishment and survival of Haloxylon ammodendron seedlings as well as increased water productivity. The study was conducted in the Sejzi plain for nine months. In this experiment, Haloxylon ammodendron was cultivated in the study area under two treatments: plastic film and control. Porous plastic films were applied to avoid water loss. Both treatments were under the same conditions. This project was carried out in a completely randomized design over a period of nine months. During this period, indicators such as seedling height and crown diameter were measured. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. Our results clearly showed that the plastic film was a suitable water-supplying technique for the growth of Haloxylon ammodendron seedlings in such areas with severe evapotranspiration and high-speed winds. The land of Sejzi is porous, leading to the water loss; therefore, the success of this method is related to avoiding the loss of water needed for plant growth.

Sejzi plain located in east of Isfehan is one of the arid plains under intensitive desertification processes. Limoniumiranicum, a native drought and salinity tolerant plant, is distributed sparsely in this desert. According to mentioned plant tolerance against unsuitable environmental conditions, we decided to investigate the treatments which can improve its seeds germination in order to use this plant in combating desertification projects in Sejzi plain. The treatments included pre-soaking (for 48 hours), prechilling (in 0-5°C), CS[NH2]2 (0.2%) and KNO3 (0.2%). Germination tests were carried out for 21 days in germinator with 30°C and 12 hours light period in four replications for each treatment. Germination and initial growth properties included germination percentage, rate of germination, and length of coleoptile. and radicle, and alometric index. Pregermination treatments showed that prechilling with 7 days at 0- 5°C resulted in the highest germination. Germination rates and alometric index of pregermination treatments had no significant differences.

The complete description of the Amir Hasan Ala Sajzi's life has not been discovered so far and whatever knows about him that is through the Biographies and Historical books. According to the known sources, he was among the famous poets and sufies. Contemporary and later biographers and historians wrote his biographies with the available resources and sayings. The said resources reveal different auspects of his life such as " Seirul Oliya ' by Amir Khord, "Seirul Aarfin" by Sheikh Jamali, "Akhbarul Akhiyar;' by Mohdith Dehlavi and "Baharistan" by Shah Nawaz Khan and famous book of history 'Tarikhe Firozshahi" by Ziauddin Barani and "Tarikhe Hind" by Md. Qasem Farishte. This article deals with the contents of the said biographies and historical books.

Introduction: Dust storms are a severe environmental phenomenon prevalent in arid and semi-arid regions worldwide. They inflict substantial socioeconomic damage by disrupting communication systems, land and air transportation, and reducing national income. Furthermore, they pose critical risks to human and animal health, sometimes resulting in fatalities. This research aims to address this issue in the dust source areas of eastern Isfahan. The study is designed to identify zones sensitive to wind erosion and dust generation, and to investigate the dynamics of dust storms through an analysis of wind intensity and the calculation of threshold velocities across the study area.  Materials and Methods: This study was conducted to characterize erosive winds, delineate dust sources, and assess land susceptibility to wind erosion in the Sejzi region of Isfahan. Hourly wind speed and direction data from four meteorological stations—Isfahan, East Isfahan, Murcheh Khort, and Kabutarabad—were analyzed to determine the direction, intensity, and energy of erosive winds. Potential dust source areas were first identified through the interpretation of satellite imagery and subsequent field surveys. Following the confirmation of dust sources, land units were delineated on a map. A total of nine soil samples were collected for the analysis of physical and chemical properties, and an additional six samples were dedicated to determining wind threshold velocity and soil erodibility. The erosion potential of the soils was quantified using a wind tunnel, where sediment removal rates were measured at various wind speeds to determine the threshold wind velocity through both observational and computational methods. Furthermore, the shear and compressive strengths of the terrain were evaluated, and the physical and chemical properties of the soil samples were analyzed in the laboratory.  Results: The analysis of wind data revealed that the energy of erosive winds, quantified by the Sand Transport Potential (STP) index, is classified as high at the East Isfahan station and medium to low at the other stations (Isfahan, Murcheh Khort, and Kabutarabad). The prevailing direction of these erosive winds is predominantly from the east to west, extending from the Sejzi Plain towards the city of Isfahan. Laboratory and field measurements of soil properties showed a threshold wind velocity for particle entrainment ranging from 6. 5 to 12 m/s. Furthermore, the geotechnical analysis indicated that the shear strength of the topsoil varies between 1. 0 and 2. 06 kg/cm², while the compressive strength ranges from 1. 1 to 2. 0 kg/cm². Discussion and conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate that the Sejzi region poses a significant environmental threat to Isfahan, primarily due to its potent combination of high-energy easterly winds and erodible surface soils. The determined threshold wind velocities (6. 5-12 m/s) are frequently exceeded, as evidenced by the wind energy analysis, confirming the high potential for dust emission and transport directly toward the city. Therefore, given this region's critical role as a dust source, the implementation of targeted restoration strategies is not just beneficial but imperative. Any such strategies must be fundamentally informed by the soil's specific physical and chemical properties—such as its low shear strength and specific texture—to ensure effectiveness and long-term sustainability. Mitigation measures could include the stabilization of highly erodible units identified in this study through mechanical methods (such as checkerboards) or biological approaches (using native, drought-resistant vegetation), tailored to the distinct conditions of each mapped land unit.

Background: Biological soil crusts (BSCs) that are able to produce sticky extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) play an important role in the formation of soil aggregates, thereby, reducing soil erosion. In this study, experiments were undertaken to identify biocrust species that produce EPS, in order to combat desertification in the Sejzi desert of Iran. Methods: A biocrust distribution map of Sejzi plain was prepared using Landsat 8 OLI images, then, various sampling points were selected. Some physicochemical parameters of samples from lichendominated and non-biocrusted areas were measured. The relationship between soil parameters and biocrusts presence was confirmed based on the Pearson’ s correlation coefficient and principal component analysis (PCA) method. The type of chemical compounds in the soil content were determined via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), including polysaccharides. To estimate the degradability of polysaccharides, each soil sample was placed under defined UV-B radiation for 24, 48, and 72 hours at three replications. Results: There was no significant correlation between moss and lichen species with the amount of EPS (%) values and various occurring cyanolichen species in three biocrusted soil samples, which included Collema coccophorum, Collema tenax, Peccania terricola, and Placidium squamulosum. It was speculated that these polysaccharides were produced by the photobiotic partners (microalgae or cyanobacteria) and secreted to the soil. Conclusion: According to the results, the cyanobacteria species of biocrusted samples might have high potential to combat desertification and soil stabilization in Sejzi desert.

A B S T R A C TThe morphology of each region is related to its landforms, the morphology of flat areas is related to inselbergs. The presence of inselbergs in desert and dry areas gives a special appearance to the morphology of these areas. The study of these landforms and the effective factors in their formation is considered a necessity in terms of regional development. According to the studies, various factors play a role in the formation of inselbergs, and the role of lithology seems to be more prominent. In this research, which was conducted with the method of field and library studies, we identified 18 inselbergs in Safi Abad plain and by studying them, we came to the conclusion that the inselbergs of this plain are mainly formed in sedimentary rocks such as limestone, conglomerate and sandstone. Among the geological formations, the largest and most diverse inselbergs in the Safiabad plain are formed in the mass conglomerate formation with good hardening because this formation is the most widespread in this plain. But the most typical inselbergs of this plain are formed in thick layered limestone. Because this formation is more resistant to erosion. Lar Formations including Limestone and Thick Limestone’s to Mass Dolomite and Delichai Formations have also played an important role in the formation of inselbergs in this plain. Although the extent of these formations is not significant, but due to their significant resistance to erosion and being far from these processes, they have caused the formation of evolved inselbergs in this plainExtended AbstractIntroductionInselbergs are ridges with a height of less than 500 meters formed with a steep slope in the plains. Their resistance to erosion has caused them to be considered capable players in the morphology of arid and semi-arid regions. Due to their uniqueness in desert areas, these areas are of interest to tourists, and the economic situation of these areas can be improved by attracting tourists. The prominence of inselbergs in desert areas has caused researchers to pay attention to their studies, the most important of which are the studies of Pye in Kenya (1984), Nenonen in Finland (2018), Luiza in Brazil (2021), Laetitia in Africa (2019), and Mashaal in Egypt (2020). Although the conditions for inselberg formation are available in some areas of Iran, and these landforms have given a particular face to the morphology of this country, no significant study has been done on them so far. This research attempts to investigate the role of lithology in inselberg formation in Safi Abad Plain by using library and field studies. MethodologySafi Abad plain in the northeast of Iran and North Khorasan province and in terms of geographical coordinates between 36-˚ 48-05 to 36-22-55˚ North and 37-57˚ East to 36-˚ 37-08 It is located at 57-58-11 east. Field and library studies were used to study the inselbergs of this plain. The entire region was surveyed in 2 years in the field studies, and 18 inselbergs were identified. Then, the location and extent of their expansion were determined. In the morphometry that was done as a survey, the minimum height, length-to-width ratio of inselbergs, and their distance from each other were measured with GPS. The study of the concepts, definitions, and effective processes in inselberg formation was done with the library method. The maps of this research were drawn with Adobe Illustrator software. Results and discussionInselbergs are diverse in terms of morphology; in the studied area, 18 inselbergs were identified, most of which are mixed. Most of them are rocky and have less vegetation. Regarding lithology, inselbergs are particular forms of igneous and metamorphic rocks, but some are also formed in other rocks. Although lithology plays an essential role in inselberg morphology, it cannot be claimed that inselbergs formed in the same formation have the same shape. Although the dominant lithology of the Safi Abad plain is formed from sedimentary rocks, due to the different resistance of its formations, the height, shape, and slope of the inselbergs of this plain are different in different parts of the region. The difference in these characteristics has caused the different shapes of the land in this plain. According to the studies of the most resistant formations of Safi Abad plain against erosion, limestone is a thick layer of chert mass formed due to the resistance against the erosion of the complete inselbergs.After this formation, the Lar formation consists of fine-grained uniform dolomitic limestone with thick to massive layering, which is more resistant; that is why many inselbergs in the region have formed in it. The third formation in terms of resistance is the Apsin-Albin unit, which includes orbitolinate limestone and thick limes to a mass of dolomite. Although this unit has a small area, its inselbergs are closer to typical inselbergs. In terms of area, most of the area is composed of mass conglomerates with good hardening. Due to the different effects of this formation from different processes, its inselbergs do not have the same morphology. The inselbergs formed in this formation are in the middle part of the high area, low in the southern part, incomplete in the western part, and incomplete mushrooms in the path of the Gerati River. After this formation, gray shales are the most resistant to erosion. This formation, which belongs to the Jurassic period, has formed a large part of the northeastern inselbergs. The alternation of limestone and marl in the Delichai formations in the middle part of the region provides the basis for the formation of mushroom-shaped inselbergs in the future. ConclusionSafiabad Plain is in the northeast of Iran, and in terms of geomorphological units, it is part of central Iran. Inselbergs form part of the morphology of this plain. In this study, 18 inselbergs were identified in this plain, and their detailed study showed that their primary skeleton was established by tectonic activities in the Devonian to Miocene period with the formation of Posht Bahram mountains. It was formed when the tectonic activities calmed down and in opposition to the lithology and erosion of the inselbergs of this plain. In terms of lithology, the well-hardened conglomerate formation covers nearly 47% of this plain, and due to its large size and different distances from erosion processes, various inselbergs have been formed in it. The southern inselbergs formed in this formation have a regular shape due to wind and blue erosion. In contrast, the middle inselbergs have an incomplete shape due to the distance from higher erosion, and the western inselbergs have an incomplete shape due to the superiority of blue erosion. Another formation that plays a vital role in this field is Lar Mei Formation. Although this is the second formation in terms of size and strength, many inselbergs have formed in it. The Shemshak formation is placed after the Lar formation in terms of resistance. This formation has caused the formation of chain inselbergs in the northeast of the region. The most typical inselbergs of the region are observed in the thick layered limestones of the formation (Maastrichtian). Also, this research found that inselbergs may be formed in all flat areas of the world and even in sedimentary formations. However, the inselbergs formed are far from those formed in tropical regions' igneous and metamorphic formations. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionThe authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approthe contenttent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestThe authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Extended Abstract Introduction: The soil's biological crusts increase soil's organic matter, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, performing a special function in the global carbon cycle. Organic soil carbon, which is a mixture of various components, including organic acids, is an important indicator of soil quality. Organic acids increase the solubility of low-soluble nutrients, including soil iron. Therefore, this study attempted to investigate the effect of biological shells in increasing soil organic acids and their participation in iron uptake.   Materials and Methods: The map of biological soil crusts' distribution in the Sejzi plain was prepared, and soil was sampled under cover of biological soil crusts from lichen-dominated areas. Then, soil's physicochemical properties, including pH, EC, Fe, OC%, CaCO3%, and soil texture, were measured. Next, the Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to determine the relationship between soil parameters and biological soil crusts. The values of the soil's physicochemical parameters were classified into two classes (soils covered by biocrust and non-biocrust) via PCA (Principal Component Analysis) using Matlab 2013b software. Then, loading charts for the first, second, and third components were calculated at the confidence level of 67.51%, 21.73%, and 6.71%, respectively. Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy was performed, and FTIR spectra were obtained for all collected soil samples to identify the existence of an organic acid agent in the soil. Results: In the study area, 32 specimens of terrestrial lichens were collected from the Sejzi desert, most of which had been classified as cyanolichens whose photobiont part was cyanobacteria. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the percentage of organic matter and the coating of biological soil crusts was reported to be 0.653, indicating the significance of biological soil crusts in increasing soil organic carbon. Also, the results of the t-Student test showed that the amounts of absorbable iron in biocrust-covered and biocrust-free soils were significantly different. The classification of the relevant parameters via the PCA method revealed that in the Sejzi plain, soil salinity with 67.51% confidence, and at 21.73% level, soil texture and lime percentage were among the most important limiting factors in the establishment of biological soil crusts. Based on FTIR curves, Citric acid and oxalic acid were read from 1400 to 1600 (cm-1) and 1700 to 1800 (cm-1), respectively. Discussion and conclusion: Deserts, arid, and semi-arid ecosystems contain very small amounts of organic matter, and, thus, they are exposed to the destructive effects of physical and chemical agents. Therefore, biocrusts, which play a very influential role in increasing the soil's organic compounds, improve the properties of desertified soils and enhance the desert's health. Moreover, secreting organic acids that form part of the whole soil's organic matter, biological soil crusts act like plant roots and facilitate chemical reactions in arid and semi-arid soils that are considered poor in terms of fertility. According to the study's findings, calcium carbonate, which increases soil alkalinity and affects the establishment of biological soil crusts, was found to be a limiting factor in carbon sequestration in the Sejzi plain. In other words, with an increase in calcium carbonate, the carbon sequestration and the amount of soil's organic carbon decreased. On the other hand, increased pH in the soil reduces the efficiency of organic acids such as citrate and oxalate, and as a result, the plants' absorption of the soil's micronutrients, including the iron, was reduced, and the growth of aerial parts and roots of the plant was disrupted. Furthermore, it was found that the probability of the formation of the lichen-dominated biological crust is 21.73% in sandy and silty soils, which contain more sand and silt than the clay soils. Also, in the Sejzi plain, fewer biocrusts are established in calcareous soils. Moreover, in deserts, biocrusts increase organic carbon and thus perform different functions compared to other regions. However, they do not increase aggregate soil stability by increasing calcium carbonate. It should be noted that most of the Sejzi desert's biocrusts produce organic matter and increase soil's organic carbon, and a few of them are of calcium carbonate-producing types.  Finally, it could be argued that biological soil crusts significantly increased iron absorption, which is considered as one of the most important micronutrients in the soil, by increasing the organic matter, which is among the categories found in the soil's organic matter. An increase in iron absorption was especially significant in the Sejzi plain's soils with high alkalinity (pH 7.5), limiting micronutrients dissolution and subsequently disrupting the establishment of vegetation.

Background and Objectives: Heavy metals are one of the most common pollutants that enter the environment due to industrial activities in human societies and endanger the health of organisms and humans over time. Recently, to decrease negative effects of heavy metals in the environment, the use of bio sorbents produced from industrial and agricultural wastes has been replaced by other methods as a low-cost method. Other biological methods, such as the establishment of some plant species that have the potential to absorb heavy metals, have had acceptable results in the areas around industrial estates or metal mines. Based on Researches' results in other parts of the world, biocrusts play an important role in the uptake of heavy metals and soil purification. Biocrusts are a close community of lichens, mosses, algae, and other soil microorganisms that affect the basic processes of the soil ecosystem. In this study, some of the soil properties and cadmium and lead concentrations in different parts of the Sejzi plain of Isfahan province were investigated and the effect of biological crusts on the concentration of pollutants was investigated. Materials and Methods: After measuring acidity, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, soil texture, lead, and cadmium concentrations, the relationship between the distribution of biocrusts with soil properties and cadmium and lead concentrations was investigated by principal component analysis. Then, using one-way ANOVA, the most important effective features are identified. Based on Duncan's test, the mean values of soil properties measured in five villages located in Sejzi plain were compared with each other at 95% probability level, and finally, the soil of points of Sejzi plain with higher cadmium and lead concentrations were determined. Results: According In all studied sites, the average absorbable lead was more than 80 mg/kg (permissible level). The amounts of cadmium were measured at Fasaran and Sejzi at 2. 8±, 0. 6 and 2. 38±, 0. 18 mg/kg, respectively, that had been exceeded its permissible level (2 mg/kg). Also, the results of the principal component analysis showed that in the first component, which is 67. 4% of the total variance of the data, the correlation between the percentage of silt was 0. 438 and the percentage of sand was measured-0. 451. In the second component, which is justified about 48. 6% of the total variance of the data, the correlation coefficient of the values of cadmium and lead were estimated 0. 388 and-0. 438, respectively. The comparison of soil properties in different places showed that the average values of soil salinity, organic matter, silt percentage, cadmium and lead are different in those places. Conclusion: The high concentration of lead and cadmium levels in areas without biocrusts, including Sajzi and Fesaran, were mainly due to human mismanagement and construction of factories, mines, and roads. Also, some intrinsic properties of soil, such as soil texture were effective in the distribution and establishment of biological crusts.

Background and Aim: The effect of various biochars and nano-clay on Cd immobilization and uptake by plants has been widely studied, but few studies have focused on the migration of different Cd fractions in saline-alkaline soils. Moreover, the remediation potential of biochar and nano-clay in saline soils polluted with heavy metals is still to be studied. Therefore, it was hypothesized that the Cd movement is influenced by biochar and nano-clay application in soil contaminated with the matter. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of biochar and zeolite on the uptake of cadmium by green bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) and its downward movement in saline-alkaline and cadmium-contaminated soils. Method: The present study was carried out under two soil modification materials including wheat straw biochar (Triticum ( and zeolite nanoparticles at the level of 5 g/kg of cadmiumcontaminated soil. The soil was collected at 0 to 30 cm depth from a plain in Sejzi, Esfahan. The soil was air-dried and stones, as well as plant litter, were removed, and then the soil was passed through a 5 mm sieve and prepared for the experiment. The heavy metal contaminated soil was created by placing 500 g air-dried soil into a 2 L glass beaker and mixing it with 250 mL cadmium nitrate (1. 2 g Cd, Cd(NO3)2· 4H2O). In the Sejzi plain area, three plots were filled with biochar and zeolite at the level of 5 g/kg of cadmium-contaminated soil. After preparing the contaminated soils, green bell peppers (Capsicum annuum) were planted in them under natural conditions. Results: The results showed that biomass of green bell pepper increased significantly by 79. 2% and 18. 3% using biochar and zeolite, respectively. The concentration of cadmium in green bell pepper’ s fruit in biochar application was reduced by almost 30% compared to both control and soil treatments with zeolite. Cadmium absorbed by green bell pepper stems was about 50% of the total plant cadmium. Application of 5 gr of biochar and zeolite per kg of soil increased 42% and 78% of soil cadmium in topsoil (0-12 cm), respectively, compared to the subsoil. Conclusion: According to the results, it can be stated that green bell pepper can be introduced as a cadmium absorber. The results also show the superiority of zeolite treatment over biochar treatment in reducing contamination transfer to the underlying layers of saline and alkaline soils and the addition of biochar caused a greater increase in green bell pepper biomass compared to zeolite nanoparticles in cadmium-contaminated soil.